TPO 10

TPO 11

TPO 12

Passage 1

2. Infer 要结合上下文，根据关键词找到定位点，但是还是看不出来dominant hand是哪个，所以结合下文提到洞穴中塑膜的136个是左手，22个是右手，所以可以看出dominant是右手，被塑封的是较弱的那只手，逻辑有点绕。这里也没有看懂stencil是啥意思

3. B. 这个选项是对的，但是和题目问的evidence不符合，答非所问了。C选项同义替换了，outline替换了stencil，然后符合第一段最后一句，左手的outline是占大多数的 prevalence

4. 同样，找到了定位点，但是没有理解意思，还是一些单词的激烈不够，rub和wear是同义词，表示摩擦

5. 想不通，不想了

TPO 13

Passage

1. 单词题，complex delicate elaborate 辨析

2. 单词题，endow

3. Infer 排除法，还是单词不认得，导致理解错了，后面说的是 instrumental ties 是没有任何意义的，只是合作关系。而根据关键词找到定位： Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. 与competitors合作而不是竞争，而competitors是竞争对手，所以A是对的，主要这里working with instead of against太抓眼，忽略了后面的主语 competitors

4. 单词题…

5. To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group 强制实践团体可接受的行为类型。上下两段都是说明的同样的原理，就是成为powerful instruments for social control。一方面作为奖励措施，一方面作为惩罚措施，这都是为了强制团体实践可接受的行为

6. 细节题，A. range of motor activity in neonate 强调的是 range，但是文章里的是 what infants can see, hear, feel and so forth，这些都不是range. 这些更符合C. change in an infant’s state，强调的是状态，排除法更合适点

7. 单词题，potent

TPO 14

TPO 15

5. 单词题…

6. 犹豫就会败北，两个选择捉摸不定。可能还是定位点的问题，定位点找的太模糊了，根据题干找不要根据选项找，而且选不准的时候就看和定位点最近的选项。

Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

冰川有时按温度分类为流动较快的温带冰川或流动较慢的极地冰川。

所以imply一下，fastest moving glacier是通过 A thick layer of ice in a temperate climate制造的

39. 想当然了，否定词没有看到

TPO 16

TPO 17

6. 推断题 infer，偷换概念

选项C说的是：they could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines 它们可以用来换取香水和药品等产品

但是原文说的是： Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines 香料不仅极大地改善了欧洲饮食的味道，而且还被用于制造香水和某些药物

The structure of biological communities depends on the types of relationship that exist among the species within

21. 句子简化题

选项A 无中生有了，做题做的太快了，所有选项都没有完全看完

原文说的是在森林靠近地表的地方，黄绿是最亮的颜色，但是如果一个动物站在黄绿的背景下，发出黄绿色的信号，这个多半是看不见的

和背景是亮不亮没有关系

22. 单词题

TPO 20

20. 单词题

21. 句子简化题。

    原句 Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as ‘Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

    提取句子的主干：Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies

    选项A中：In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock. 将besides认为成了“除了”，排除之意，但是真正的意思是不仅是Abu Hureyra，还有其他许多地区和Abu Hureyra一样

    选项C中：Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted. Once 所表示的逻辑与原文不对

22. 事实信息题

    原文：Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed “permineralization.”

    选项A：Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment. 其中的calcium carbonate不全面。并且只总结了前半段的内容

    选项B：Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure。chemicals代指了dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron，并且呼应了最后的This addition of a chemically precipitated substance

TPO 21

4. 事实信息题

   当时纠结了好长时间，没找到合适的，所以选了一个不相关的。但是不相关的应该是先排除的。这个是同义替换

   By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade.

   呼应了选项B中的 They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.

   虽然跨段内容一定是错的，但是不妨稍微看几眼，能快速判断选项中的错误选项

   选项A压根就没有提，托福很坑的一点就是错误选项不一定是理解错误，可能压根就不存在

5. 修辞目的题 why does the author mention

   这个原文没太看懂

   In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development.

   在 1990 年代，那里产生的电力足以满足旧金山大约一半的需求。 该设施当时处于生产的第三个十年，并开始出现衰退迹象，可能是因为过度开发。

   而且选的时候，觉得衰退这个选项和全文主旨不太符合，所以想当然就跳过了正确的C选项

   但这个找到关键词，联系紧密的上下文，修辞目的题紧紧的依靠上下文

6. 句子插入题

   注意转折词！

7. 事实信息题

   想当然了，没有找healthy的相关信息就下意识认为这个是错的

   选项B. It requires less knowledge of plants and animals. 但是原文只是说 Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals.并没有对比的含义

   注意选项中的对比在原文中是否出现明显的对比含义

8. 事实信息题

   这个都没找到出题的定位点，定位点找错了

   weakness 定位到原文的 However, it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it. Whether Mithen’s explanation is satisfactory is open to contention,

   Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory, that is, memory for events that have occurred in one’s own life, can provide some important clues to this mystery.

   抽离主干： Many find that understanding the general nature of autobiographical memory can provide some important clues to this mystery.

   许多研究发现，自传式记忆这个一般性质可以提供一些对婴儿期记忆缺失这个谜团的重要线索

9. 事实信息题

   首先，看准关键词，名词 Autobiographical Memory，不是前面提到的婴儿期的记忆缺失 infantile amnesia ，这个是另一个现象

   根据这个可以定位关键词，

TPO 22

7. 推理题 (suggest)

   光看关键词，没找到主语，an establish stand of it, 这里的it指代的是前面出现的Spartina，所以就是当Spartina自然出现的时候，一个已经建立的Spartina 最终会…根据文章是会被replaced by brackish-water species.

8. Toefl的逻辑，先说现象后说原因，所以有because关键词在现象的后面出现

9. 单词题

TPO 23

8. 事实信息题

   题干的关键词提取的部队，定位文章中的相关内容也是不对了

   题干关键词：explain … difference between one with a well-developed heat island

   然后就光找不同了…这一段里的下面有 The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments 但是不是题干中要求的

   题干中要求的在文章中的表述是：
   When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets.Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving.

9. 单词题

10. 事实信息题

    本质还是没有看懂选项中的irrigation…选错一看选项反应过来这个是灌溉

11. 指代

    lease the reclaimation的主体不能是windmill，只能是人，所以指代的是前面的merchant，这里还是没有看懂是什么意思

12. 事实信息题

    连错这么多道，这段肯定没有看懂…精神状态也不是很好

    最重要的原因是阿姆斯特丹的富商进行了投资，The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land.

    原文： The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665, almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.

    荷兰的海战堪称传奇。 荷兰的 Noorderkwartier 拥有众多的湖泊和绵延的水域，特别适合进行土地开垦，在那里开展的最大项目之一是 1608 年开始的 Beemster 湖排水。阿姆斯特丹最富有的商人出钱开垦土地。 7,100公顷土地。 43 台风车为排水泵提供动力，以便他们能够早在 1612 年将填海地出租给农民，投资者每年以 17% 的利率获得租赁付款。 土地开垦仍在继续，在 1590 年至 1665 年间，荷兰、泽兰和弗里斯兰的湿地地区开垦了近 100,000 公顷土地。 然而，17世纪中叶以后，由于农产品价格开始下跌，土地复垦明显减少，使得本世纪下半叶土地复垦的利润大大降低。

    As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.

    随着消费者和工业对农产品需求的增加，农业用地变得更有价值，人们试图更密集地耕种可用土地，并从湿地和湖泊中开垦更多土地。 为了增加现有土地的产量，农民更多地利用轮作，特别是开始定期将动物粪便施用于土壤，而不是将施肥过程留给放牧的牲畜。 工业废物，例如肥皂锅产生的灰烬，第一次在城市被收集起来，作为人造肥料在全国出售。 土地产量和价格的提高证明了开垦和排干更多土地的合理性。

13. 单词题

·

TPO 24

错的惨不忍睹。。。还是文章没有看懂

19. 修辞目的题

    修辞目的题，这个应该就是应该没有看前文了，着急的做题

    前面说了 It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.

    然后后面就在解释肌肉在正常情况下是怎么帮助呼吸的，现在没有了肌肉的帮助，就像 inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon

20. 事实信息题

    这个就是没有看懂…句子太长，密密麻麻的，看的有些反应不过来，还是理解长难句的能力不行

21. 事实信息题

    A. 应该是首先能排除掉的，根据关键词定位到原文，可以看到首先就说了A中的这些操作是不会发生在NREM中。然后就接着看下面最近的，就说什么都不会做，这其实也呼应了这段的开头说的，还是问孩子那个没有看懂

22. 事实信息题

    还是文章没有理解吧，定位点能找到：

    Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

    最后，对气道中的刺激物做出反应的咳嗽反射不会在睡眠期间产生咳嗽，而是会导致呼吸停止。 如果刺激足够严重，睡着的人会醒来，清理气道，然后恢复呼吸，很可能会重新入睡。

    但是题干中说道mild irritant，不严重的刺激。。。那就不会导致人睡醒

23. 事实信息题

    关键词： before 13th century

    但是文章中没有具体说明13世纪之前是什么样子，所以只能用排除法

    A. 关键词 chore, 只在13th之后提到了搬到悬崖上之后烧水做饭成了主要的杂物，13世纪前不是酱紫

    B. 关键词，dwelling in sides of cliff。这个也是13世纪之后的

    C. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will.

    这么两个长难句放到一块就很难理解，还是主次拆分，拆分的时候就没有拆明白，所以就不理解这个句子是啥意思 （放到了难句理解里面了）

    说明在进入这个地区之前，也就是13世纪之前，他们的生活是 small extended-family households ， 是 accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. 的所以C选项正确

    D. 在文章中没有出现，对文章看不懂，所以错选了这个。看懂文章后就想不起来为什么选这个了…

24. 事实信息题

    关键词： consquence of increasing population densities

    定位到关键句： As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. 随着密度的增加，家居建筑变得更大，最终导致拥挤的普韦布洛。

    以及开始的：

    After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome.

    经过几代人的人口增长，人们将这片土地的密度如此之高，以至于公共 pueblos 可能是必要的结果。

    得到选项：

    people were increasingly crowded into collections of large housing units.

    人们越来越多地挤在大型住房单元的集合中。

    错误选项中的 C. beyond canyon limit 属于无中生有

25. 修辞目的题

    这个真的难顶…

    看懂了，但是选项几个都不知道怎么选

    B。太抽象，首先排除掉，然后看其他几个具体的选项文章中都没有说明，再回过头来看B选项，发现表达了文章中的含义

    any worsening of conditions 指代了 前面糟糕的气候环境

26. 事实信息题

    没有看全整个段落，仓促下了结论

    As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations.

    前面说随着小冰河期的到来，农民把他们的地挪到了低海拔地区

    Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.

    然后下面又说，考古学家识别出了朝着Mesa Verde的人口移动

    所以A是错的，说反了

    想当然的把前面的 San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, 混淆了

27. 事实信息题

    关键词 Cooperation … from the eleventh through the thirteenth century

    找到原文

    Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts.

    But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected.No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.

难句理解

• Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic.

  这些住户放弃小型的扩展型家庭，进入到没有上百也有几十人的大的普韦布洛地区可能会感到不舒服

• Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will.

  现在帮助我们解决密集人口的传统文化和规则几乎不存在于这些习惯家庭自治和有能力搬迁的人

  Few of the cultural traditions and rules existed for these people

• Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s.

  一些学者通过强调对耕地的相应需求来养活越来越多的人来扩展（证明）这一想法：小型水坝、水库、梯田和田间房屋的建设表明农民在 1200 年代正在加紧努力。

• But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected.No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.

  但这一切似乎在 13 世纪发生了变化。 尽管从一年到下一年，气候仍然像以往一样不可预测，但它在当地的多样性却大大降低了。 在耕作不好的一年，每个人都受到同样的影响。广泛分享不再有帮助。 相反，最明智的做法是让邻居共同努力生产尽可能多的食物，因此聚集城镇是一个明智的安排。

• Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

  其他呼吸调节机制显然在睡眠期间停止运作。 例如，在清醒期间，当吸气变得更加困难（例如通过限制性面罩呼吸）时，呼吸努力会立即、自动、自适应地增加。 这种反射性调整在 NREM 睡眠期间完全不存在。 只有在这种情况下几次呼吸不充分，导致血液中二氧化碳显着升高和氧气减少后，才调整呼吸努力。 最后，对气道中的刺激物做出反应的咳嗽反射不会在睡眠期间产生咳嗽，而是会导致呼吸停止。 如果刺激足够严重，睡着的人会醒来，清理气道，然后恢复呼吸，很可能会重新入睡。

  Only… is breathing effort adjusted. 倒装表示

TPO 25

9. 事实信息题

   看了半天才发现，还是理解的问题…

   However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion.

   On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.

   在月球上，陨石坑消失的主要原因是因为meteoritic erosion （流星冲击形成的尘埃腐蚀）

   但是在火星上，陨石坑消失是因为火星风

10. 句子简化题

    强调同义替换，不要随意臆想

11. 推理题

    B. 出现了比较，但是原文当中没有特别明显的比较信息，排除

    C. / D. 在文章汇总都没有出现过

    A： 原文说：Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness.

    古时候的淡水绿藻必须进化的能够抵抗极端的问题和不时的干旱

    说明，反推，古时候的气候总体是湿润的，有时是干燥的

12. 事实信息题

    感觉题有问题…

13. 句子插入题

    Emmm… 选项中给出的特点是早期绿藻为了适应极端情况所演化出来的，而不是陆地的情况，所以后面跟These adaption…

TPO 27

4. 单词题

5. 事实信息题

   脑经急转弯 …

   原文： However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.

   然而，由于海洋盆地在地质时间尺度上确实是短暂的特征，因此通过沿热点路径回溯来重建世界地理仅适用于最后 5% 左右的地质时间。

   但是，并不是说Hot spot只存了5% 左右的地质时间，而是因为地址变化很快，把hot spot抹掉了

   变化快就是消失了，很早就不在了，所以C选项正确

6. 推断题

   …Emmm…

TPO 28

错的有些离谱。。。

3. 单词题

   A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer.

   extract 近义词： remove

   Emmm… 记住吧，没的说

4. 事实信息题

   题干问多孔性和渗透性的关系

   文章都能看懂，都认得，但是信息太乱太杂就分不清，理不清。而且不要臆想，回归原文

   C. 多孔性和流速没有关系，只有渗透性才有关系

   原文有一句非常重要的话：

   Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected.

   The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability.

   看到多个object的选项先别慌，找到名词，一个个看他的解释，是在不行在草稿上整理一下关系

5. 插入题

   主要考察因果逻辑，This is a consequence，指代了一个结果，前面接的这句话需要是一个结果

   然后后面说 which often prevents the water table from attaining a flat (horizontal) level. 就是slow rate of movement这个原因阻碍了flat level这个结果，前后两个结果应该是一样的

   所以找到了原文：The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography.

   water table is not flat，flat是关键词之一，才看见…

6. 事实信息题

   只看了几个单词，不看完整整个选项

   原文说的是：As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains.

   选项B说的是： Most areas that are now grassland were convered by shallow lakes

   now grassland和原文完全相反了就

   Much less of it was desert than is now the case

   沙漠比现在少的多

   C. It had just undergone a major climatic change。原文中说道主要的气候变化是since 10,000BC，不是6000BC

7. 单词题

8. 事实信息题

   对原文不理解：

   Under these circumstances, archaeologist Andrew Smith believes,

   在这种情况下，考古学家安德鲁史密斯认为，

   the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold.

   随着干旱的发生，沙漠中的小群原始牛群变得更小，更紧密地结合了繁殖单位。

   The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will.

   这些野兽更加纪律严明，因此猎人更容易预测它们的习性，并随意捕捉动物。

   At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements, staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time.

   与此同时，牛和人类的活动更加受限，长时间保持更接近永久供水。

   As a result, cattle and humans came into close association.

   结果，牛和人类开始密切联系。

   A. They traveled in smaller herds. 他们形成更小的群体移动 √

   B. They were harder for hunters to capture. 他们对猎人来说更难捕获 ×

   C. They tended to be significantly smaller in size. 他们在体型上更小 ×

   D. They moved along less predictable routes. 他们沿着更不可能预测的路线移动 ×

9. 单词题

10. 事实信息题

真的难顶...

what allowed the herders to shift south into the savanna regions after about 3,500 B.C.?

About 3,500 B.C., climatic conditions again deteriorated. The Sahara slowly became drier and lakes vanished. On the other hand, rainfall increased in the interior of western Africa, and the northern limit of the tsetse fly, an insect fatal to cattle, moved south.**So the herders shifted south**, following the major river systems into savanna regions. 

So后面指代的是结果，river system不是原因，D错

原因的话，rainfall increased in the interior of western Africa，导致 northern limit of the tsetse fly，

所以选择C： The tsetse fly was no longer a problem in those region。

比较困惑的是这个原因不是全面的...

27. 句子插入题

This knowledge 作为指代，可以让猎人采用一种不同(different)的方式狩猎

different 后面承接 **Instead of** following the cattle on their annual migrations

This knowledge也可以指代前面的 **were well aware of** the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved.

• The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.

  狩猎稀疏沙漠动物的人们通过管理他们狩猎和采集的野生资源来应对干旱，尤其是野牛，它们必须有稳定的水源才能生存。

  he people responded to drought by

  managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered

  wild oxen had to have regular water supplies to survive.

• Under these circumstances, archaeologist Andrew Smith believes, the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold. The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will. At the same time, both cattle and humans were more confined in their movements, staying much closer to permanent water supplies for long periods of time. As a result, cattle and humans came into close association.

  在这种情况下，考古学家安德鲁史密斯认为，随着干旱的发生，沙漠中的小群原始牛群变得更小，更紧密地结合了繁殖单位。 这些野兽更加纪律严明，因此猎人更容易预测它们的习性，并随意捕捉动物。 与此同时，牛和人类的活动更加受限，长时间保持更接近永久供水。 结果，牛和人类开始密切联系。

TPO 29

5. 单词题

   substantial adj. 大量的；实质的

6. 事实信息题

   还是通过关键词找定位点

   题干中的关键词是particluarly important for archaeologist，

   文章并没有直接给出important，而是给出

   However, there is one exceptional dump, which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of consumption and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced.

   作为定位点

7. 单词题

8. 事实信息题

   原文理解的有偏差

   The Russian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experiments in the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only a single kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and of field observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated, according to which no two species can occupy the same niche.

   没有两个物种可以占同一个生态位

   对应选项 competition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

9. 事实信息题

   In the following centuries, increasingly sophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East and northern Europe.

   sophisticated 更先进 more advanced

TPO 54

5. 修辞目的题

   句子没有理解…

   In the 1870s, however, the British-invented band saw, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states’ lumber factories.

   然而，在 1870 年代，英国发明的带锯以其更薄的刀片成为五大湖州木材厂的标准配置。

6. 事实信息题

   脑子抽了…

   这么明显的定位点，关键词，明白的答案告诉了

7. 单词题

TPO 66

2. 推断题

   B. His performance before the live audience probably would have been different if there had been more time spent on rehearsal.

   如果有更多的时间花在排练上，他在现场观众面前的表演可能会有所不同。

   C. Those who had observed his acting of the part in rehearsal were unprepared for the quality of his performance before a live audience.

   那些在排练中观看他表演的人对他在现场观众面前的表演质量毫无准备。

   还是没有看懂文章选项啥意思，文章说的是彩排和正式演出因为有演员在而不一样，和彩排时间没有关系，C表达了这一点。整体思路是对的

3. 句子简化题

   当时看的有点懵，其实挺好懂的…

4. 事实信息题

   Emmm… 定位点很容易找，但是还是文章没有看懂

   Performance technique, or the art of reading an audience, is more instinctual than learned. The timing it requires is of such complexity that no actor could master it rationally; he or she can develop it only out of experience.

   表演技巧或阅读观众的艺术，更多的是本能而不是学习。 它所需要的时间是如此复杂，以至于没有一个参与者可以理性地掌握它。 他或她只能根据经验来开发它。

   develop sth. out of … 由… 发展

   选项：

   B. It cannot be developed through reasoning alone.

   他不能仅通过推理来开发

   C. It cannot be developed through experience alone.

   他不能仅通过经验来开发

   被out of迷惑了…，不过这里其实能结合一下经验

5. 句子插入题

   提示词 effort，承接上文所做出的努力

6. 句子简化题

   Emmm…

7. 单词题

8. 句子插入题

   In fact, some of these colonies have been known to last for several centuries.

   事实上，这些群落已经长达几百年了

   last for 持续；延续；历时

提醒

1. 注意句子的逻辑：Once，whereas(表对比，但是，然而)

2. 选项的归纳不完全

3. 选项过长时，提取名词，动词主干，拆开来看

   特别的，出现指代词(it, them …)在题目\选项汇总，一定搞清楚指代的是谁，不要被前面的修辞E.g. s stand of … / a few of … 给搞晕 TPO 22 Q.7

4. 选项和原文的同义替换

5. 注意选项中出现的对比，和原文中是否出现过明显的对比

6. 遇到多个时间点，可以思考一下，写一下时间点，这样清楚一点

7. 看题目题干一定一定一定一定一定要看全，不能只看一般，看到几个关键词兴奋了然后就不看后面的了

• 修辞目的题 (why the author mention … )

  找到关键词，只联系上下文（指这一段的内容），和全文主旨关系不大… TPO 21 Q.6

  对于具体案例没有提到的，那就只能和段落的主旨上想了。抽象的选项被排除后，发现具体的选项也是不对的，那么再看看这个抽象的选项是不是表达了段中的含义 TPO 24 Q.35

• 句子插入题

  注意选项、原文的逻辑关系，特别是转折词

  E.g. In eitrher cases …

  Toefl的逻辑，先说现象，再说原因，所以有because在现象后面出现 TPO 22 Q.13

  同理，先说现象，再举例，TPO 24. Q40

  【Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.】 For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore.

• 事实信息题

  • 长难句，提取主干。遇到大篇幅长难句，不要慌，不要急，稳下心来

  • 文章中没有提到的选项是错的，但是很难分辨出来哪些是没有提到的，主要还是看名词。无中生有的错误一定小心 TPO 24 Q.30/32