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TOEFL-写作

 ·  ☕ 5 min read

综合写作

阅读讲解

  • 3 mins / 230 - 300 words
  • 文章结构： 总观点 + 3分论点
  • 观点类型：假说 / 优缺点

（阅读和听力几乎是反驳的，没有听力支持阅读材料的）

阅读笔记

总原则：脱离材料，能记住三个分分论：内容和顺序

（听完听力，阅读材料还是会出现的，这个和口语是不一样的）

阅读记笔记可以帮忙给听力列个提纲

  1. 总观点可以不记，读懂为主

  2. 分论点，论点必须记，1-4 words。 细节可以省

  3. 关键单词 、 专有名词 记一下，特别是意思和发音 （在听力当中会用到）

阅读信息提取

  • 第一段中找到话题

  • 第一段和最后一句：阅读总观点

  • 二三四段第一/最后一段：阅读分论点

时间要分配一遍过，不要在回来翻看

听力讲解

  • 2 mins 左右
  • 和阅读是一一对应的反驳，一个总论点和三个分论点 （顺序也是吸纳沟通的）

尽量记所有的反驳内容（分论点和细节），不用记让步阅读是对的，或者表明阅读是对的

听力笔记技巧

  1. 首句 / 首段

    一般的第一句是态度，可以不用记，给自己一个缓冲的时间

    但是紧接出现的观点，具体内容是需要记的

  2. 路标词

    First / next / finally / as for / as to … + 阅读分论点的总结

    如果没有记到就继续往下听，不要犹豫

  3. 转折词

    如果在开头的话，可能是会让步于阅读，阅读的内容可以不用记。主要记后面的

    段内的对比需要记

  4. 并列词

    子信息 / 并列论据；必须记

  1. 中英拼音混合记
  2. 适当画画，方位
  3. 符号优先

写作讲解

  • 20 min / 150 - 225 words

  • 结构： 1总 + 3分 （不用写结尾）

客观总结、听力作为主导、包含阅读内容 (阅读提供框架)

文章内容

  • 开头段：

    （讨论话题）+ 阅读观点 + 听力的态度 （如果听力提出了一个新的观点，那么这里就写听力提出的观点）

  • 正文段

    阅读的分论点是必须写的，其中，听力所反驳的阅读细节点需要写

    听力部分关注态度（就是不同意，有观点的写观点），细节有多细写多细

写作规则

  1. 阅读一定要改写，换表述

    • 语态 （主动 VS 被动）

    • 同义词、表达替换

    • 句式的改写

    • 关键单词（分论点）不用改

  2. 听力尽量写原文 （如果能记得住原文）

时态：阅读和听力的内容一般保持一般现在是第三人称单数的形式。具体的内容与原材料保持一致

Eg. she argues that (原文时态)

模板

The reading passage believes that 阅读观点. The speaker in the listening, however, believes none of the three points in the reading is convincing and refutes the claims one by one. (According to the professor, 听力观点).

First, the lecture refutes the point in the reading passage that 阅读观点 (+细节). The professor contends that 听力反驳阅读的具体内容 (+细节). (She further argues that 进一步写听力的内容)

Second, the reading passage suggests that 阅读观点 (+细节), while the lecture says 听力观点/态度. The professor claims, 听力具体反驳内容.

Third, the lecture apparently refutes the point in the reading passage that 阅读观点 （+细节）. According to the professor, 听力反驳阅读的具体内容。

In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that 阅读观点. The professor asserts that arguments and evidence of the passage are not convincing. (According to the professor, 听力观点)

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读观点, the professor asserts that 听力反驳阅读的具体内容.

Secondly, the author of the passage points out that 阅读观点, which is refuted by the professor. 听力反驳阅读内容.

Finally, opposing to the passage’s belief that 阅读观点, the professor contends that 听力反驳阅读的具体内容.

替换单词

  • 材料:
    reading / reading material / reading passage

    lecture / listening material / listening passage

  • 人

    writer / author

    lecturer / speaker / professor / instructor / presenter

  • 说

    suggests / claims / mentions / asserts / contends / points out /

    indicates / thinks / presents / explains / believes / states / hold the opinion

  • 反驳

    argues, contradicts, overturns, rebuts, opposes, disagrees with, refutes, rejects

独立写作

  • 30 mins 300 words

题目类型

按照题目中有几个选项进行划分

  1. 一个选项

    • 单一观点：是否同意一个statement

    • 绝对化类：题目当中存在绝对词 （+绝对含义）

  2. 两个选项

    • 二选一：题目有两个不一样的选项 A or B

    • 对比类：A is more important than B

    • 今昔对比，时间上的对比

  3. 三个选项：三选一

文章结构

开头

相关背景-展开话题-反方观点-反方观点的原因-我不同意反方观点-我的观点

  • When it comes to the topic / About the given topic + 题目改写（从句或者词语），

  • some people argue that 对立观点，

  • claiming that 观点理由具体写.

  • It seems [true / reasonable / plausible] to say so. / This may sound plausible at first glimpse.

  • However, it is not convincing enough for me to agree with them.

  • Personally speaking, 我的观点. Reasons are followed.

  • 对于三选一甚至四选一，具体的观点理由可以不写，对方观点列举一个就可以了。

  • 对于绝对题来说，反方观点可以这样说：However, from my perspective, the above viewpoint has oversimplified the complicated situation.

  • 引出话题参考句

    • as people attach greater importance to + 题目相关名词， the issue of / whether + 题目改写 has aroused public concern.

    • In recent decades, people become increasingly concerned with the + 题目相关名词， triggering a wide-ranging / heated debate over the issue of / whether + 题目改写

    • when it comes to + 题目相关名词， opinions vary from person to person.

    • As 题目相关名词 pervades every aspect of modern people’s life, there has been much debate on the question of / whether + 题目改写.

    • with the advent of + 题目相关名词， mordern people begin to play closer attention to the issue of / whether + 题目改写

    • In contemporary society, there is growing / widespread concern that 题目改写

    • XXX is one of the most [striking / apparent / evident / straggering / arresting / amazing / eye-catching / astonishing / alarming / shocking / unprecedented ] subjects of the modern society.

    • The issue of XXX has [ aroused/ attracted / sparked / intrigued / evoked / yielded] much [ attention / debate / dispute / controversy / concern] from the general public.

    • XXX has sparked an increasingly heated debate among XXX.

    • The problem of XXX has been in the limelight (a focus) since XXX.

    • Recently, the problem of XXX has attracted such widespread attention that XXX.

    • Space exploration is one of the most striking subjects of the modern society.

    • the issue of environmental protection has aroused much attention from the general public.

    • the wide use of computers in the field of education has sparked an increasingly heated debate among users.

    • the problem of juvenile delinquency has been in the limelight since more than a decade ago.

    • recently, the problem of environmental pollution has attracted such widespread attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.

  • 他人观点参考句

    • Many people, especially the old, are beginning to express their concern over+题目相关名
      词, stating that+反方观点+原因
    • Those concerned, parents in particular, feel that it is of great importance to+题目相关动词,
      since+原因
    • As regards this hotly-debated issue, a vast majority of young people hope that+反方观点, arguing that + 原因.
    • Surprisingly, there is still a large body of people holding that+反方观点. For these people,
      原因.
    • When asked about (whether+题目改写)，an increasing number of people maintain that+反
      方观点for the reason that+原因
    • A growing number of graduates hope that+反方观点， complaining that+原因.

  • 我的观点参考句

    • As far as I am concerned, however, 自己的观点
    • From my perspective／aspect, however
    • Although it seems plausible／reasonable to adopt the former opinion, I still firmly believe
      that
    • Reasonable as the above statement sounds, I still hold the opinion that+自己观点for the
      following reasons.

  • 我的例文：

    • As 题目相关名词 pervades every aspect of modern people’s life, there has been much debate on the question of / whether + 题目改写.
    • As regards this hotly-debated issue, a vast majority of [young] people hope that+反方观点, arguing that + 原因.
    • Reasonable as the above statement sounds, I still hold the opinion that + 自己观点 for the
      following reasons.

结尾

  • 结尾标志

    to conclude, in conclusion, to sum up, to summarize, in a nutshell, accuring to whta i have mentioned above, it is concluded that

  • 一句话重申观点 (改写开头的最后一段) + 可补充总结分论点 (尽量用词组) + 可加让步内容

论证段

  • 主题句：开启论证段的第一句
    • 坚决的论证观点、简洁的多样表达、易于展拉
    • sth serve the purpose of / sth is a contributor to / sth enable sb to do
  • 解释 + 例子
    • 解释主题句的内在逻辑，都是在证明主题句

破题思路

  1. 客观指标类、
    • wealth : money; job
    • health: physical; mental
    • efficient
    • effective
  2. 主观类
    • sense: recognition; confidence
    • stress: create; release
    • interest: have ; not have

总结：兴趣、压力、感觉、财富、健康（安全）、2eff

防止跑题：讨论对象和承受方（考虑多个承受方会更好一些）

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